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Effects of a multivitamin/mineral supplement on subjective energy ratings and substrate metabolism during demanding exercise and cognitive tasks
- Fiona Dodd, David Kennedy, Emma Stevenson, Rachel Veasey, Karen Walker, Stephen Reed, Philippa Jackson, Crystal Haskell-Ramsay
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E267
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Introduction
Vitamins and minerals play an essential role within many cellular processes including energy production and metabolism. Biochemical changes and heightened metabolic demands lead to increases in the requirement for certain micronutrients alongside higher excretion of micronutrients through waste products, such as sweat and urine. Previously, supplementation with a multivitamin/mineral (MVM) for ≥ 28 days resulted in improvements to cognition and subjective state. Shifts in metabolism have also been demonstrated during cognitively demanding tasks following MVM in females, both acutely and following 8-week supplementation, suggesting that enhanced recovery is possible following MVM supplementation. The current study aimed to assess these effects further in males and females using metabolically challenging exercise and cognitive tasks.
Materials and MethodsThis randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel groups study investigated the effects of a MVM complex in 82 healthy young (18–35y) exercisers. Subjective ratings and substrate metabolism were assessed during 30 minutes each of increasingly effortful incremental exercise and demanding cognitive tasks. Assessments took place on acute study days following a single dose (Day 1) of MVM, containing 3 times recommended daily allowance of water-soluble vitamins plus CoQ10, and following 4-week supplementation (Day 28).
ResultsEnergy expenditure (EE) was increased during cognitive tasks following MVM across Day 1 and Day 28, with greater effects in males. In males, MVM also increased carbohydrate oxidation and EE during exercise across Day 1 and Day 28. In females, mental tiredness was lower during exercise; increases in physical tiredness following 30 minutes of exercise were attenuated; and stress ratings following cognitive tasks were reduced following MVM. In males, MVM only lowered mental tiredness following 10 minutes of exercise. Those receiving MVM also reported lower ratings of perceived exertion following 10 minutes of exercise. These effects were apparent irrespective of day, but effects on mental tiredness were greater on Day 28. Ferritin levels were also higher on Day 28 in those receiving MVM.
DiscussionThese findings extend on existing knowledge, demonstrating increased carbohydrate oxidation and EE in males following MVM supplementation for the first time. Importantly, they show modulation of EE and subjective tiredness following a single dose, providing further evidence for acute effects of MVM. Differential effects in men and women suggest that whilst males expend more energy, females may conserve their energy but report lower tiredness instead, demonstrating that sex may play an important role in the effects of MVM on energy metabolism and should be considered in future research.
The effect of iron supplementation on cognition, subjective mood, well-being and fatigue in women of reproductive age: a systematic review
- Hannah Avery, Philippa Jackson, Crystal Haskell-Ramsay
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E330
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Iron deficiency remains the most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide and is considered the most significant contributor to anaemia onset in children and women of reproductive age in both developing and developed countries. Iron plays a role in neurodevelopment and early deficits in iron have been found to impact hippocampal function affecting cognition and subjective mood. However, it is now recognised that neural structures can adapt throughout the lifespan and it is possible that changes in iron levels beyond infancy could stimulate neural changes and subsequent cognitive deficits at any time of life. Evidence for a causal link through the conduct of intervention studies is still sparse and varied in regards to the impact of iron deficiency in women of reproductive age. Our aim was to systematically review current evidence from intervention studies to determine the impact of iron supplementation upon cognition, subjective mood, well-being and fatigue in women of reproductive age. Searches included PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane and bibliographies. Study selection and risk of bias assessment were duplicated and all intervention studies assessing cognition, subjective fatigue, mood and/or well-being that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review. Fifteen RCTs of women aged 12–49 were included. Nine studies investigated cognitive function following iron supplementation; eight found significant beneficial effects. All studies suggested that a reduced iron status at baseline was detrimental to one or more cognitive parameters, including attention and memory domains. Seven studies investigated subjective fatigue following iron supplementation; five found significant beneficial effects from baseline. Nine studies investigated mood and well-being; seven found significant effects, however they were somewhat conflicting. There is evidence to suggest that iron supplementation can improve attention, memory, subjective fatigue, mood and well-being, but additional studies using consistent measures, intervention methods and definitions of iron deficiency are warranted. Further studies should consider controlling for extraneous variables of diet, lifestyle choices and menstrual cycle to ensure an accurate measure of iron status.
two - Missing Rights and Misplaced Justice for Sex Workers in the United States
- Edited by Glenn W. Muschert, Khalifa University, Brian V. Klocke, Robert Perrucci, Purdue University, Indiana, Jon Shefner, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
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- Book:
- Agenda for Social Justice
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 18 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 03 August 2016, pp 15-24
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Summary
The Problem
What does justice look like when talking about prostitution? In the United States, prostitution is highly criminalized under a range of laws, not just one law. Both the sale of sex and the purchase of sex are illegal, as is the solicitation of prostitution (before sex ever takes place). Furthermore, laws such as loitering for the purposes of committing prostitution are based on arbitrary factors that can include a person’s location, dress, and possession of more than two condoms. People of color, trans-women, and women living in poverty are often the targets of these laws.
Additionally, since the institutionalization of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) in the early 2000s, the U.S. federal government, with the help of immigration opponents, conservative Christians, and radical (sex worker exclusionary) feminists, has laid the framework for states and municipalities to create new anti-trafficking laws. These laws often revolve around sex trafficking, rather than other forms of labor trafficking. As such, people often assume that prostitution and human trafficking are the same thing – a universal experience of some level of coercion, violence, and/or involving minors – and call to abolish both. In reality, prostitution is paid consensual sex acts between adults. Sex work including prostitution is a complex issue impacted by intersecting inequalities of race, class, and gender.
When so much misinformation guides our students, our policy makers, and our communities, it is essential that the violence and civil rights offenses experienced by those who engage in sex work and the sex trade in the United States be brought to light. Sex work is enmeshed in our understandings of gender and sexual rights, from state-level End Demand campaigns that aim to criminalize those who purchase sex, to high school youth putting on anti-trafficking plays, to recent revelations that Margaret Cho, Laverne Cox, and Maya Angelou, to name a few famous people, have engaged in sex work in the past.
Is the scope and scale of prostitution best understood through the lens of criminal justice? How do we make sense of high levels of police violence and harassment against sex workers (e.g., see Bass 2015), especially trans-women and poor women of color? How does law enforcement determine who should be arrested for prostitution and who should be saved as a victim of sex trafficking?
Cognitive and mood effects in healthy children during 12 weeks' supplementation with multi-vitamin/minerals
- Crystal F. Haskell, Andrew B. Scholey, Philippa A. Jackson, Jade M. Elliott, Margaret A. Defeyter, Joanna Greer, Bernadette C. Robertson, Tom Buchanan, Brian Tiplady, David O. Kennedy
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 100 / Issue 5 / November 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 November 2008, pp. 1086-1096
- Print publication:
- November 2008
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Adequate levels of vitamins and minerals are essential for optimal neural functioning. A high proportion of individuals, including children, suffer from deficiencies in one or more vitamins or minerals. This study investigated whether daily supplementation with vitamins/minerals could modulate cognitive performance and mood in healthy children. In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel groups investigation, eighty-one healthy children aged from 8 to 14 years underwent laboratory assessments of their cognitive performance and mood pre-dose and at 1 and 3 h post-dose on the first and last days of 12 weeks' supplementation with a commercially available vitamins/mineral product (Pharmaton Kiddi™). Interim assessments were also completed at home after 4 and 8 weeks at 3 h post-dose. Each assessment comprised completion of a cognitive battery, delivered over the Internet, which included tasks assessing mood and the speed and accuracy of attention and aspects of memory (secondary, semantic and spatial working memory). The vitamin/mineral group performed more accurately on two attention tasks: ‘Arrows’ choice reaction time task at 4 and 8 weeks; ‘Arrow Flankers’ choice reaction time task at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. A single task outcome (Picture Recognition errors) evinced significant decrements at 12 weeks. Mood was not modulated in any interpretable manner. Whilst it is possible that the significant improvements following treatment were due to non-significant numerical differences in performance at baseline, these results would seem to suggest that vitamin/mineral supplementation has the potential to improve brain function in healthy children. This proposition requires further investigation.